{
 "title": "BriefAuthority Table of Authorities benchmark — U.S. Supreme Court merits briefs",
 "date": "2026-09-24",
 "status": "Internal pre-launch benchmark of the BriefAuthority citation engine. Cases only; statutes check is experimental.",
 "answer_key": "Each brief's own printed Table of Authorities (cases section). Entries are keyed by volume-reporter-first page; parallel cites all count.",
 "engine": {
  "pdf": "pdfjs-dist 4.10.38",
  "citations": "@beshkenadze/eyecite 2.7.6 (JavaScript port of Free Law Project's eyecite)",
  "runtime": "Node v25.9.0 on an Apple M4 Mac",
  "final_configuration": "final+fnlast",
  "baseline_configuration": "baseline"
 },
 "method": [
  "25 merits briefs (13 petitioner, 12 respondent; filed 2018-2025; 21 subject areas) were taken from supremecourt.gov docket pages: the first brief of the chosen side filed after the grant, excluding briefs in opposition, amicus briefs, reply briefs and briefs 'in support'. Four further briefs were named as replacements before the first run; none was needed, so they are reported separately as a holdout that was never inspected during development.",
  "pdf.js reads each page's text; lines are rebuilt from glyph positions (a space only where there is a real gap), superscript footnote numbers are dropped, and italic runs are taken from the embedded font names.",
  "The printed TOA is located by its heading; body page 1 is the first page printed '1' (or the page before '2'); the body ends at the first appendix/addendum page. Page numbers are the brief's printed page numbers.",
  "The TOA parser joins wrapped lines until an entry ends with leaders and a page list; one eyecite pass keys every case entry by volume, reporter and first page. Briefs whose TOA could not be parsed were to be excluded and logged; none were.",
  "Body text is laid out with each page's main text first and footnotes after, each segment tagged with its page, so a citation interrupted by a page break or a footnote block stays in one piece. eyecite runs once over it: full citations, short forms, Id. and supra are resolved to a case; parallel citations separated only by a comma are grouped.",
  "The final configuration adds: (1) name-only references, i.e. an italicized party name taken from the case name printed before that case's first full citation (e.g. 'Rehaif'), counted only after that citation and only if the name belongs to one case in the brief; (2) short-form repair: a short form that eyecite reads as a new full citation ('Loughrin, 573 U.S. 363', missing 'at') is folded into the earlier case with the same volume and reporter, and short forms eyecite leaves unresolved fall back to the earlier full citation with the same volume and reporter; (3) each citation is credited to the page where it starts. eyecite's own pin-cite reference extraction (extractReferenceCitations) was tested and lowered exact-page accuracy, so it is not used.",
  "Metrics: a case is found if any of its TOA reporter citations is detected in the body. A page list is exact if the set of pages equals the TOA's set (ranges expanded). Entries marked passim are excluded from the page check. Extras are case citations detected in the body that match no TOA entry.",
  "The final configuration was chosen after looking at these 25 briefs, so its numbers are optimistic by construction. The unmodified baseline and the 4-brief holdout are reported for that reason."
 ],
 "aggregate": {
  "briefs": 25,
  "cases_in_toa_keyed": 1318,
  "cases_found": 1313,
  "recall_pct": 99.6,
  "toa_case_entries_without_parseable_cite": 12,
  "recall_all_case_entries_pct": 98.7,
  "passim_entries_excluded_from_page_check": 61,
  "exact_page_lists": 1099,
  "exact_page_list_pct": 87.8,
  "exact_page_list_pct_of_all_keyed": 83.4,
  "exact_page_list_pct_macro_avg": 86.7,
  "exact_page_list_pct_min": 63.6,
  "exact_page_list_pct_max": 94.0,
  "extras_not_in_toa": 115,
  "extras_per_brief": 4.6,
  "detected_cases_matching_toa_pct": 91.9,
  "toa_page_refs": 2234,
  "missing_page_refs": 122,
  "extra_page_refs": 149,
  "page_ref_recall_pct": 94.5,
  "page_ref_precision_pct": 93.4,
  "processing_ms_median": 5339,
  "processing_ms_max": 12226,
  "statutes_experimental": {
   "in_toa": 127,
   "found": 112,
   "exact": 80,
   "passim": 6,
   "found_pct": 88.2,
   "exact_pct": 75.5
  }
 },
 "aggregate_by_configuration": {
  "baseline": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1069,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 85.7,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 309,
   "extra_page_refs": 91
  },
  "baseline-startpage": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1079,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 86.5,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 326,
   "extra_page_refs": 72
  },
  "pincite": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1056,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 84.7,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 282,
   "extra_page_refs": 125
  },
  "italic-name": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1082,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 86.8,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 124,
   "extra_page_refs": 165
  },
  "pincite+italic-name": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1065,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 85.4,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 116,
   "extra_page_refs": 197
  },
  "italic-name-startpage": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1093,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 87.7,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 140,
   "extra_page_refs": 147
  },
  "italic-name-core": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1086,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 87.1,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 126,
   "extra_page_refs": 158
  },
  "italic-name-startpage+shortfix": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1100,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 88.2,
   "extras": 115,
   "missing_page_refs": 119,
   "extra_page_refs": 147
  },
  "italic-name-core+shortfix": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1093,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 87.7,
   "extras": 115,
   "missing_page_refs": 105,
   "extra_page_refs": 158
  },
  "baseline-core+shortfix": {
   "cases_found": 1308,
   "exact_page_lists": 1086,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 87.1,
   "extras": 115,
   "missing_page_refs": 273,
   "extra_page_refs": 85
  },
  "baseline+fnlast": {
   "cases_found": 1313,
   "exact_page_lists": 1072,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 85.6,
   "extras": 120,
   "missing_page_refs": 303,
   "extra_page_refs": 96
  },
  "final+fnlast": {
   "cases_found": 1313,
   "exact_page_lists": 1099,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 87.8,
   "extras": 115,
   "missing_page_refs": 122,
   "extra_page_refs": 149
  }
 },
 "configurations": {
  "baseline": {
   "refs": "none",
   "span": "both"
  },
  "baseline-startpage": {
   "refs": "none",
   "span": "start"
  },
  "pincite": {
   "refs": "pincite",
   "span": "both"
  },
  "italic-name": {
   "refs": "italic",
   "span": "both"
  },
  "pincite+italic-name": {
   "refs": "pincite+italic",
   "span": "both"
  },
  "italic-name-startpage": {
   "refs": "italic",
   "span": "start"
  },
  "italic-name-core": {
   "refs": "italic",
   "span": "core"
  },
  "italic-name-startpage+shortfix": {
   "refs": "italic",
   "span": "start",
   "shortFallback": true
  },
  "italic-name-core+shortfix": {
   "refs": "italic",
   "span": "core",
   "shortFallback": true
  },
  "baseline-core+shortfix": {
   "refs": "none",
   "span": "core",
   "shortFallback": true
  },
  "baseline+fnlast": {
   "refs": "none",
   "span": "both",
   "layout": "fnlast"
  },
  "final+fnlast": {
   "refs": "italic",
   "span": "start",
   "shortFallback": true,
   "layout": "fnlast"
  }
 },
 "holdout_4_briefs": {
  "final": {
   "cases_found": 188,
   "exact_page_lists": 142,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 81.1,
   "extras": 5,
   "missing_page_refs": 23,
   "extra_page_refs": 35
  },
  "baseline": {
   "cases_found": 188,
   "exact_page_lists": 138,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 78.9,
   "extras": 6,
   "missing_page_refs": 43,
   "extra_page_refs": 15
  },
  "rows": [
   "24-5774",
   "23-852",
   "19-123",
   "23-477"
  ]
 },
 "extras_hand_sample": {
  "n": 30,
  "counts": {
   "real case cited in the argument, not in counsel's TOA": 4,
   "subsequent history of another case": 5,
   "brief or filing cited by Westlaw number (not a case)": 5,
   "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement": 13,
   "parser false positive": 1,
   "answer-key problem (our TOA parser or a typo in the printed TOA)": 2
  },
  "items": [
   {
    "docket": "19-8709",
    "authority": "Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570",
    "class": "real case cited in the argument, not in counsel's TOA"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-781",
    "authority": "138 F.4th 563 (aff'd)",
    "class": "subsequent history of another case"
   },
   {
    "docket": "19-416",
    "authority": "Kiobel U.S. Supp. Brief, 2012 WL 2161290",
    "class": "brief or filing cited by Westlaw number (not a case)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "21-418",
    "authority": "880 F.3d 1097",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-568",
    "authority": "114 F.4th 634",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "20-107",
    "authority": "U.S. Br. in Opp., 2003 WL 21698036",
    "class": "brief or filing cited by Westlaw number (not a case)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "22-500",
    "authority": "United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n, 322 U.S. 533 (inside a quotation)",
    "class": "real case cited in the argument, not in counsel's TOA"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1091",
    "authority": "522 U.S. 93 (Hudson v. United States, cited by reporter only)",
    "class": "real case cited in the argument, not in counsel's TOA"
   },
   {
    "docket": "21-454",
    "authority": "8 F.4th 1075",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "21-454",
    "authority": "2019 WL 13026870",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-909",
    "authority": "2019 WL 4126484",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-1122",
    "authority": "555 U.S. 1137 (cert. denied)",
    "class": "subsequent history of another case"
   },
   {
    "docket": "19-416",
    "authority": "527 F. App'x 7 (vacated)",
    "class": "subsequent history of another case"
   },
   {
    "docket": "19-8709",
    "authority": "Elonis v. United States, 575 U.S. 723 (inside another case's parenthetical)",
    "class": "real case cited in the argument, not in counsel's TOA"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-781",
    "authority": "Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, 2008 WL 6971058",
    "class": "brief or filing cited by Westlaw number (not a case)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "20-843",
    "authority": "2 Edw. III, ch. 3 (1328) read as a case",
    "class": "parser false positive"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1618",
    "authority": "534 U.S. 1155 (cert. denied)",
    "class": "subsequent history of another case"
   },
   {
    "docket": "18-587",
    "authority": "291 F. Supp. 3d 260",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-909",
    "authority": "66 F.4th 406",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "21-418",
    "authority": "4 F.4th 910",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "22-451",
    "authority": "45 F.4th 359",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-909",
    "authority": "2023 WL 6294144",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "20-107",
    "authority": "U.S. Br., Arkansas Game, 2012 WL 3680423",
    "class": "brief or filing cited by Westlaw number (not a case)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "18-587",
    "authority": "298 F. Supp. 3d 1304",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "18-587",
    "authority": "315 F. Supp. 3d 457",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-781",
    "authority": "Br. for Appellee, 1996 WL 33478945",
    "class": "brief or filing cited by Westlaw number (not a case)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "19-416",
    "authority": "Doe v. Drummond Co., 782 F.3d 576 (TOA line glued to the previous entry by our TOA parser)",
    "class": "answer-key problem (our TOA parser or a typo in the printed TOA)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1077",
    "authority": "311 F.3d 198 (aff'd on other grounds)",
    "class": "subsequent history of another case"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-1122",
    "authority": "689 F. Supp. 3d 373",
    "class": "opinions-below / jurisdiction statement"
   },
   {
    "docket": "20-843",
    "authority": "Clapper v. Amnesty Int'l USA, 568 U.S. 398 (printed TOA reads \"568 U.S. 3980\")",
    "class": "answer-key problem (our TOA parser or a typo in the printed TOA)"
   }
  ]
 },
 "inexact_page_list_hand_sample": {
  "n": 20,
  "counts": {
   "printed TOA omits a cited page": 1,
   "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)": 9,
   "citation crosses a page break": 4,
   "short form not credited": 2,
   "undetermined": 4
  },
  "items": [
   {
    "docket": "17-1618",
    "case": "Cannon v. Univ. of Chicago",
    "difference": "extra 54",
    "class": "printed TOA omits a cited page",
    "note": "printed TOA omits a page where the case is cited (\"Cannon, 441 U.S. at 699\")"
   },
   {
    "docket": "21-418",
    "case": "Lamb's Chapel v. Ctr. Moriches",
    "difference": "extra 38",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only mention counsel did not index (\"from Mergens to Lamb's Chapel to Widmar\")"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1091",
    "case": "Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis",
    "difference": "missing 16",
    "class": "citation crosses a page break",
    "note": "citation's parenthetical runs onto the next page"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-781",
    "case": "Leeke v. Timmerman",
    "difference": "missing 18",
    "class": "citation crosses a page break",
    "note": "citation runs onto the next page"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1091",
    "case": "Moore v. Commonwealth",
    "difference": "missing 59",
    "class": "short form not credited",
    "note": "short form not credited (\"Moore, 293 Ky. at 55\")"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-568",
    "case": "Hotze v. Hudspeth",
    "difference": "missing 17",
    "class": "undetermined",
    "note": "undetermined (no citation visible on that page in the extracted text)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-583",
    "case": "Matter of Singh",
    "difference": "extra 8, 9, 28",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only mentions counsel did not index"
   },
   {
    "docket": "18-1195",
    "case": "Lemon v. Kurtzman",
    "difference": "extra 54",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only mention counsel did not index (\"If the Court applies Lemon\")"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-583",
    "case": "INS v. St. Cyr",
    "difference": "missing 20",
    "class": "undetermined",
    "note": "undetermined (no citation visible on that page in the extracted text)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1091",
    "case": "Logan v. United States",
    "difference": "missing 34",
    "class": "undetermined",
    "note": "undetermined (no citation visible on that page in the extracted text)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "22-500",
    "case": "M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co.",
    "difference": "missing 32",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only reference missed (\"relying on The Bremen\")"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1091",
    "case": "Commonwealth v. Certain Motor Vehicle",
    "difference": "missing 53",
    "class": "citation crosses a page break",
    "note": "citation's parenthetical runs onto the next page"
   },
   {
    "docket": "19-1392",
    "case": "Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Auth.",
    "difference": "missing 23",
    "class": "short form not credited",
    "note": "short form not credited (\"Garcia, 469 U.S. at 547\")"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-557",
    "case": "Geders v. United States",
    "difference": "missing 21, 22; extra 37",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only mentions: some missed, one over-credited"
   },
   {
    "docket": "24-539",
    "case": "Cohen v. California",
    "difference": "extra 21, 29",
    "class": "citation crosses a page break",
    "note": "citation starts at the foot of p. 21 and counsel credited only p. 22 (p. 29 is a name-only mention counsel did not index)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "23-909",
    "case": "Carpenter v. United States",
    "difference": "extra 24, 25",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only mentions counsel did not index"
   },
   {
    "docket": "17-1618",
    "case": "Loving v. Virginia",
    "difference": "extra 42",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only mention counsel did not index (\"invalidated in Loving\")"
   },
   {
    "docket": "18-1059",
    "case": "McNally v. United States",
    "difference": "extra 45",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only mention counsel did not index"
   },
   {
    "docket": "19-416",
    "case": "Mohamad v. Palestinian Authority",
    "difference": "missing 32",
    "class": "name-only reference (missed or not indexed by counsel)",
    "note": "name-only reference missed (case named in a footnote without a reporter cite)"
   },
   {
    "docket": "19-416",
    "case": "Talbot v. Jansen",
    "difference": "missing 25; extra 24",
    "class": "undetermined",
    "note": "undetermined (short form found one page earlier than the TOA lists)"
   }
  ]
 },
 "limits": [
  "Cases only; the statutes figure is an experimental regex check of full 'U.S.C.' citations.",
  "U.S. Supreme Court merits briefs only (booklet format, professionally prepared TOAs). Other courts and layouts are untested.",
  "The answer key is counsel's printed TOA, which itself contains errors and omissions (examples in the samples).",
  "Pre-launch engine; results describe this run, not a guarantee for any particular brief."
 ],
 "reproduce": "Scripts: fetch.py (docket pages), pick_briefs.py (selection + PDF download), bench.mjs (engine + scoring), analyze.py (this file). npm install with the pinned versions, then: python3 pick_briefs.py && node bench.mjs && python3 analyze.py. Every PDF URL below is the public supremecourt.gov DocketPDF link.",
 "briefs": [
  {
   "docket": "19-8709",
   "case_name": "Greer v. United States",
   "brief_type": "Petitioner",
   "filed_by": "petitioner Gregory Greer",
   "filed": "2021-02-22",
   "subject": "Criminal procedure",
   "pdf_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-8709/169605/20210222171108435_Greer%20Merits%20Brief%20Final.pdf",
   "docket_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-8709.html",
   "pdf_pages": 59,
   "body_pages": 44,
   "cases_in_toa_keyed": 70,
   "toa_case_entries_without_parseable_cite": 0,
   "cases_found": 70,
   "recall_pct": 100.0,
   "passim_entries": 4,
   "exact_page_lists": 58,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 87.9,
   "baseline_exact_page_list_pct": 87.9,
   "extras_not_in_toa": 8,
   "toa_page_refs": 87,
   "missing_page_refs": 4,
   "extra_page_refs": 13,
   "page_ref_recall_pct": 95.4,
   "page_ref_precision_pct": 86.5,
   "statutes_usc_in_toa": 2,
   "statutes_usc_found": 2,
   "statutes_usc_exact": 1,
   "statutes_usc_passim": 0,
   "processing_ms": 4360,
   "pdf_text_ms": 218,
   "missed_cases": []
  },
  {
   "docket": "23-583",
   "case_name": "Bouarfa v. Mayorkas",
   "brief_type": "Petitioner",
   "filed_by": "petitioner Amina Bouarfa",
   "filed": "2024-07-03",
   "subject": "Immigration",
   "pdf_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/23/23-583/316333/20240703131612074_2024-07-03%20Bouarfa%20No.%2023-583%20Merits%20Brief%20with%20addendum.pdf",
   "docket_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-583.html",
   "pdf_pages": 84,
   "body_pages": 52,
   "cases_in_toa_keyed": 62,
   "toa_case_entries_without_parseable_cite": 0,
   "cases_found": 62,
   "recall_pct": 100.0,
   "passim_entries": 0,
   "exact_page_lists": 55,
   "exact_page_list_pct": 88.7,
   "baseline_exact_page_list_pct": 86.7,
   "extras_not_in_toa": 2,
   "toa_page_refs": 103,
   "missing_page_refs": 2,
   "extra_page_refs": 14,
   "page_ref_recall_pct": 98.1,
   "page_ref_precision_pct": 87.8,
   "statutes_usc_in_toa": 21,
   "statutes_usc_found": 13,
   "statutes_usc_exact": 5,
   "statutes_usc_passim": 0,
   "processing_ms": 4392,
   "pdf_text_ms": 138,
   "missed_cases": []
  },
  {
   "docket": "17-1091",
   "case_name": "Timbs v. Indiana",
   "brief_type": "Respondent",
   "filed_by": "respondent State of Indiana",
   "filed": "2018-10-04",
   "subject": "Eighth Amendment",
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